O ponto central do presente artigo consiste em aplicar o conceito schopenhaueriano de metafísica ao contexto atual da pandemia de covid-19, com o intuito principal de proporcionar um consolo ao indivíduo angustiado com medo da morte.

O objetivo primordial deste artigo consiste em analisar a assimilação do pensamento schopenhaueriano por Wittgenstein, no que diz respeito à relação entre a linguagem e o místico. No decorrer do texto, pretendemos evidenciar que a tão conhecida posição wittgensteiniana de que sobre o místico não se fala, na verdade, tem como base a doutrina schopenhaueriana da linguagem, cujos limites linguísticos são alcançados na negação da vontade, momento em que se abre uma passagem ao místico. De nossa interpretação se seguirá como (...) consequência principal que a problemática central do Tractatus entre o dizer e o mostrar, comumente considerada característica distinta da filosofia de Wittgenstein, já pode ser lida no sistema de seu predecessor. (shrink)

El libro El Náufrago de la Existencia: Machado de Assis y Arthur Schopenhauer – Caricatura, Parodia, Tragedia y Ética Animal de Jair Barboza explora la influencia de Schopenhauer en la obra de Machado de Assis, proponiendo que el personaje Quincas Borba es una caricatura del filósofo alemán y su filosofía del humanitismo una parodia del pesimismo metafísico schopenhaueriano. Barboza se basa en descubrimientos bibliográficos y analiza obras como Memorias Póstumas de Brás Cubas y Quincas Borba para fundamentar su tesis. También (...) destaca la ética animal en Machado, influenciada por Schopenhauer, y cómo este enfoque fue seguido por otros autores brasileños. El libro está destinado a lectores interesados en la intersección entre literatura y filosofía. (shrink)

O artigo que se segue pretende analisar a noção schopenhaueriana de liberdade da vontade (entendida como liberum arbitrium indifferentiae), cuja definição, como defendo, pressupõe a distinção agostiniana entre o velle e o posse, assim como a acepção kantiana de caráter inteligível. Considero que a liberdade plena, ou a completa negação da vontade, conforme a perspectiva de Schopenhauer, tem por base a noção agostiniana de libertas, que só é alcançada por meio da graça, e também sua errônea interpretação sobre o conceito (...) agostiniano de liberum arbitrium. O objetivo principal desse artigo consiste em apresentar Agostinho como um precursor fundamental para a teoria de Schopenhauer. (shrink)

The Hyperuniverse Program is a new approach to set-theoretic truth which is based on justifiable principles and leads to the resolution of many questions independent from ZFC. The purpose of this paper is to present this program, to illustrate its mathematical content and implications, and to discuss its philosophical assumptions.

El problema de la estetización y la reconfiguración de la experiencia en la filosofía de Walter Benjamin. Resumen de Tesis de Doctorado en Filosofía de Tatiana Staroselsky.

The present study explores discursive constructions of us- and them-groups within the context of the debates on the placement of the US anti-ballistic missile defence system in Central and Eastern Europe. The study is based on the data collected by the authors in the Polish and Russian press. Using the framework that is informed by Critical Discourse Analysis and Membership Categorization Analysis, the authors define strategies and specific linguistic means used to represent ‘us’ and ‘them’ and provide a picture of (...) chronological transformations that these representations undergo in the investigated newspapers. (shrink)

The paper reconstructs the key epistemological ideas of Merab Mamardashvili which form the bridge between his philosophy and phenomenology. He advances four key concepts in his sketch of a natural historical epistemology: the geometry of causal experience, the belonging to a certain time, the chronotype of a subject, and the ‘elaboration’ of the mind by consciousness. The concept of “fruitful tautology” leads Mamardashvili to a new aesthetics of thinking. The semiotics, rightfully included in Russian social sciences, assumes that the symbol (...) is a certain universal first element of psychic reality. (shrink)

Este ensaio problematiza as relações entre a crítica e a liberdade conforme Michel Foucault. Apresenta o resultado de uma investigação especulativa baseada no estudo e em experiências interpretativas dos textos. A necessidade de desenvolver nos estudantes a capacidade crítica, é uma constante em muitos discursos pedagógicos da atualidade. A utilização da crítica como ferramenta de liberdade nos incentiva a criar novas práticas na escola.

A reflexão parte da tarefa que Benjamin atribui aos que estão vivos: originar um verdadeiro “estado de exceção”. Compreende-se que essa é a tarefa primeira de uma Educação Histórica ética e estética. O artigo está organizado em três partes que compreendem os três elementos indissociáveis que constituem os primeiros movimentos no sentido de superar o “estado de Exceção” da violência sem memória. Na primeira parte, discutimos, a partir de Adorno, o “estado de exceção” da violência sem memória e reafirmamos o (...) dever de memória que se opõe a barbárie. Na segunda parte, comentamos, seguindo Levinas, a ética da responsabilidade. Na terceira, analisamos a estética do Eros contraeducativo de Gur-Ze’ev. Conclui-se que a postura de um pensar histórico ético e estético perpassa a recusa de esquecer e o desenvolvimento de uma atitude crítica para consigo mesmo, para com o Outro, e finalmente para com a realidade. (shrink)

Logic of proofs LP was introduced by S. Artemov in. It describes properties of the proof predicate “t is a proof of F” formalized by the formula ⟦t⟧ F. Proofs are represented by terms constructed by three elementary recursive operations on proofs. In this paper we extend the language of the logic of proofs by the additional storage predicate x ∋ F with the intended interpretation “x is a label for F”. The storage predicate can play the role of syntax (...) encoding, so it is useful for specification of operations on proofs, especially those that require formula arguments. We give a definition of a specification of an operation on proofs and introduce logics that describe such operations. For a large class of operations we prove the completeness of these logics with respect to the intended semantics. We also study the logic describing the operation of substitution. (shrink)

The archive of Gustav Shpet contains scattered preparatory materials for his “Lectures on the Theory of Cognition” and his major philosophical work History as a Problem of Logic. Some of these handwritten rough notes are devoted to Kant, indeed some of them have already seen the light of day in the “Kant­ian Journal” (2022, № 3). The notes published below continue to acquaint the reader with Shpet’s creative laboratory. His method of work with the concepts and ideas is instructive in (...) that it enables us to raise questions about the meaning of “positive critique”, its difference from Kant’s own “critical method” and why contemporary historical-philosophical attempts to actualise Kant’s concept of critique have more to do with Shpet’s rather than Kant’s methodology. Of particular relevance today is the authors’ attempt to immerse the Kantian understanding of critique in the context of Shpet’s phenomenologically oriented hermeneutic methodology. (shrink)

Normative case studies are designed to offer richly detailed “worlds of possibility” that invite complex reflection and discussion about authentic ethical dilemmas in education. In this essay, Tatiana Geron and Meira Levinson argue that authors' choices of what details to include in a case are themselves ethical decisions that require significant ethical responsibility. Case details can shape which avenues of ethical inquiry are open to readers, whether and how institutional and structural conditions get considered, whose perspectives are included and (...) legitimized, and what political issues are understood as “open” or “closed.” At its best, case “world-building” can help readers understand the full complexity of ethical decision-making in education. However, for this to occur, case authors must seek out expert and dissenting perspectives, field test the case with diverse audiences, and remain reflexive about their own perspectives and how these shape their world-building decisions. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como propósito, primeiramente, prescrutar a gênese e a particularidade do racismo no modo de produção capitalista, para revelar a conexão íntima existente entre a ideologia do racismo e a ascendência do capital monopolista. Num segundo momento, pretende-se observar como o racismo se constitui como mecanismo fundamental para operar a divisão interna da classe trabalhadora, em que o capital constitui uma espécie de “aristocracia operária” para intensificar suas desumanizações contra os seres humanos racializados. Por fim, justifica-se o (...) protagonismo das táticas combativas do racismo no contexto da predominância do capital mais fetichizado plasmado na história. A pesquisa tem como fundamento a teoria marxiana e as contribuições contrapostas ao racismo desenvolvidas por autores como Eric Williams, René Depestre, Augusto Buonicore, Demétrio Magnoli e Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor. (shrink)

Reflete-se aqui sobre o papel da Universidade na atual sociedade capitalista. Elateria a capacidade de difundir a concepção de mundo das classes trabalhadoras, contribuindo para a construção de uma outra sociedade, ou ela seria mais um instrumento de reprodução das sociedades capitalistas Existe um conflito contínuo entre essas duas propostas, que se tenta apresentar com base na discussão gramsciana sobre seus conceitos fundamentais, buscando-se compreender a realidade brasileira atual neste contexto. Procura-se também abordar o debate sobre a Universidade no Brasil, (...) analisando-se em que medida seria possível uma atuação transformadora da realidade social por parte desta instituição.This article presents a reflection on the University in a capitalist society. It would have the capacity to spread out the conception of world of the diligent classrooms, contributing for the construction of one another society, or it would be an instrument of reproduction of the capitalist society? There’s a conflict between these two distinct proposals, and I try to present this movement by using the Gramsci’s concepts, understanding the current Brazilian reality in this context. I also try to present the current debate on the University in Brazil, trying to understand if it’s possible to the University to transform the social reality. (shrink)

This paper argues that the impact of individual higher education institutions’ strategies on system diversity should be explored. By looking at how universities respond strategically to governmental policies as well as to the actions of other (competing) institutions, our understanding of determinants of diversity can be enriched. A conceptual framework focusing on institutional positioning is explained using the dimensions deliberateness of organizational actions versus environmental influence, on the one hand, and differentiation versus compliance, on the other. We posit institutional positioning (...) as the mechanism through which organizational and environmental levels are linked. Our model features multiple dimensions and relations reflecting how higher education institutions locate themselves in specific niches, i.e. positions where they are able to gather the necessary resources for their core activities. The implications for research on diversity and for policymaking are discussed. (shrink)

This article examines public communication about atomic energy as an important vector in the political, institutional, and technological transformations of Ukraine's nuclear industry since the breakup of the USSR. It explores the ongoing effort to make the atom more domestic, familiar, human, and accessible against the not-so-distant backdrop of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986. The central focus of this article is the analysis of children's drawings of nuclear power stations produced for art contests organized by local nuclear information centers. (...) These contests and other activities of the centers have contributed to the increased visibility of nuclear power in Ukraine. The drawings reveal the inscription of the atom into complex representations about the Ukrainian nation, its past, present, traditions, and modernity. The analysis of these drawings as well as government and nuclear power station (NPP) documents, press articles, and interviews indicates that the notion of the “domestication” of the atom is a particularly appropriate way to describe the banalization of nuclear technologies in Ukraine. (shrink)

In the paper the joint Logic of Proofs and Provability is presented that incorporates both the modality □ for provability 287–304) and the proof operator tF representing the proof predicate “t is a proof of F” . The obtained system naturally includes both the modal logic of provability GL and Artemov's Logic of Proofs . The presence of the modality □ requires two new operations on proofs that together with operations of allow to realize all the invariant operations on proofs (...) admitting description in the modal propositional language. Logic is proved to be decidable and complete with the intended provability semantics. (shrink)

According to Pettit and Skinner the rising of utilitarianism would have decisively contributed to the eclipse of the modern republican tradition. The Utilitarians would have been responsible for a radical critique of the concept of republican liberty, which would have resulted in the predominance of the Hobbesian conception of freedom. The sharpness and strength of the utilitarian attack to the conception of republican liberty would have be summarized in a set of objections formulated, in the late eighteenth century, by the (...) English theological utilitarian William Paley. An examination of Paley's thought shows that his conception of liberty, contrary to what suggest Skinner and Pettit, is quite distinct from the Hobbesian concept. (shrink)

Disgust and Intimacy The aim of the paper is to present the results of preliminary research into the relation between disgust and intimacy. The authors apply current psychological conceptions of the emotions relating to social behaviour, primarily the theory of disgust associated with Paul Rozin, Jonathan Haidt and Clark McCauley. The research was conducted in a community of students living in student halls in Bratislava. The authors argue that social relationships may influence expressions of core disgust and the animal-nature disgust (...) that is considered to be an earlier stage in the evolutionary development of this emotion. More specifically, people's representations of feelings of disgust towards elicitors linked to certain persons are conditioned by the social categories those persons belong to and the socio-cultural schemas distributed in the given environment. (shrink)

In social interactions, emotional biases can arise when the emotional state of oneself and another person are incongruent. A person’s ability to judge the other’s emotional state can then be biased by their own emotional state, leading to an emotional egocentric bias (EEB). Alternatively, a person’s perception of their own emotional state can be biased by the other’s emotional state leading to an emotional altercentric bias (EAB). Using a modified audiovisual paradigm, we examined in three studies (n = 171; two (...) online & one lab-based study) whether emotional biases can be considered traits by measuring two timepoints within participant and relating empathy trait scores to emotional biases, as well as the electrophysiological correlates of emotional biases. In all studies, we found a congruency effect, reflecting an EEB and EAB of small size. Both biases failed to correlate significantly within participants across timepoints and did not display significant relationships with empathy trait scores. On the electrophysiological level, we did not find any neural emotional bias effects in the time–frequency domain. Our results suggest that EEB and EAB effects are strongly task sensitive. Caution is warranted when studying interindividual differences in emotional biases using this paradigm, as they did not show significant test-retest reliabilities. (shrink)

Conflicts regarding family and workplace obligations often lead to frustration, dissatisfaction and lower levels of happiness. Taking into account the current low fertility rates in many European countries, the subjective well-being of women seems to be a crucial factor in population growth strategy. The rather low reproduction level underlies the analysis of women’s subjective well-being in respect to their employment and maternity status in Europe. How much do the European countries differ in terms of females’ subjective well-being? Does employment protection (...) legislation explain these differences through mothers’ employment patterns? This paper shows a significant negative association between the subjective well-being of women aged 17–54 and the rigidity of labor protection regulations. The conclusion stems from a multilevel model based on the European Value Study of 2008. The results showed that the subjective well-being of working mothers is higher in countries with liberal labor legislation while it is significantly lower in countries with strict employment protection legislation. (shrink)

Usually moralist behaviour and attitude are defined in terms of a very demanding obedience to moral principles or obligations, a kind of intransigence towards abiding by the moral rules and sternness of the moral condemnations. From an ethical point of view, moralism is considered a flaw or distortion in making moral considerations, in relation to precedence of moral aspects or to the appropriate moral scope. In this paper, assuming the possibility of a positive moralism, I criticize the limitations of the (...) negative conception, and present a more comprehensive conception. According to this conception, moralism is described as a moral perspective based on the value integrity. I defend this conception can explain many characteristics we associate with both negative and positive moralism. Since moral criticism involves asking for justification and opening to excuses, I suggest the negative moralism is an objectionable moral attitude or behaviour, precisely, because it blocks or hinders the possibility of moral justification and excuse. (shrink)

The paper deals with the historical and systematic aspects of psychologism. The historical aspect is examined on the background of the rise of psychology as an independent science. The systematic-analytical aspect, on the other hand, is seen as connected with normativity and the empirical contingency of facts. These issues are analyzed with regard to the so called Psychologismusstreit in German post-Kantian philosophy. The comeback of psychology is rendered as related to the project of naturalized epistemology. The paper also points out (...) to the challenges, which philosophy faces due to the claims of cognitivism. (shrink)

Transition to the market economy in post-socialist Ukraine, followed by the destruction of the ‘working mother’ gender contract, has led to the emergence of new forms of women’s identities. But the formation of new identities in the transformational period appeared to be mediated by free market ideology, linked to the development of consumer capitalism and dissemination of western consumer standards and lifestyles. The seeming diversity of the new identities promised by the ‘free market’ turned out to be reduced to two (...) models: housewife and businesswoman. Imported along with western mass culture, they can easily be inscribed onto the Ukrainian cultural context. At the same time, the everyday practice of economic survival through informal business and the difficulties of adaptation to the market economy have a profound impact on women’s identity formation. (shrink)